backtrader.utils.py3 module

Python 3 Compatibility Module.

This module provides common type aliases and utility functions used throughout the backtrader framework. Originally a Python 2/3 shim, now simplified to Python 3 only.

Exports:

string_types: Tuple of string types — (str,). integer_types: Tuple of integer types — (int,). MAXINT / MININT / MAXFLOAT / MINFLOAT: Numeric limits. range, zip, map, filter: Built-in references (kept for import compat). queue: import queue. cmp, bytes, bstr: Helper functions. iterkeys, itervalues, iteritems, keys, values, items: Dict helpers. urlquote, urlopen, ProxyHandler, build_opener, install_opener: URL helpers. winreg: Windows registry module (None on non-Windows). with_metaclass: Metaclass helper.

backtrader.utils.py3.urlquote(s, *args, **kwargs)

Quote a string for use in a URL.

参数:

• s -- The string to quote.

• *args -- Additional positional arguments passed to urllib.parse.quote.

• **kwargs -- Additional keyword arguments passed to urllib.parse.quote.

返回:

The quoted string safe for use in URLs.

backtrader.utils.py3.urlopen(*args, **kwargs)

Open a URL.

参数:

• *args -- Positional arguments passed to urllib.request.urlopen.

• **kwargs -- Keyword arguments passed to urllib.request.urlopen.

返回:

A file-like object representing the URL response.

backtrader.utils.py3.ProxyHandler(*args, **kwargs)

Create a proxy handler for opening URLs.

参数:

• *args -- Positional arguments passed to urllib.request.ProxyHandler.

• **kwargs -- Keyword arguments passed to urllib.request.ProxyHandler.

返回:

A ProxyHandler instance for configuring URL proxies.

backtrader.utils.py3.build_opener(*args, **kwargs)

Build a URL opener with a chain of handlers.

参数:

• *args -- Positional arguments passed to urllib.request.build_opener.

• **kwargs -- Keyword arguments passed to urllib.request.build_opener.

返回:

An OpenerDirector instance configured with the specified handlers.

backtrader.utils.py3.install_opener(*args, **kwargs)

Install an opener as the default global opener.

参数:

• *args -- Positional arguments passed to urllib.request.install_opener.

• **kwargs -- Keyword arguments passed to urllib.request.install_opener.

返回:

None.

backtrader.utils.py3.cmp(a, b)

Compare two values.

参数:

• a -- First value to compare.

• b -- Second value to compare.

返回:

1 if a > b, 0 if a == b, -1 if a < b.

返回类型:

int

backtrader.utils.py3.bytes(x)

Encode a string to bytes using UTF-8 encoding.

参数:

x -- String to encode.

返回:

Bytes representation of the input string.

backtrader.utils.py3.bstr(x)

Convert a value to a byte string.

参数:

x -- Value to convert.

返回:

String representation of the input value.

backtrader.utils.py3.iterkeys(d)

Return an iterator over the dictionary's keys.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to iterate over.

返回:

An iterator over the dictionary's keys.

backtrader.utils.py3.itervalues(d)

Return an iterator over the dictionary's values.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to iterate over.

返回:

An iterator over the dictionary's values.

backtrader.utils.py3.iteritems(d)

Return an iterator over the dictionary's items.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to iterate over.

返回:

An iterator over (key, value) tuples.

backtrader.utils.py3.keys(d)

Return a list of the dictionary's keys.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to extract keys from.

返回:

A list containing the dictionary's keys.

backtrader.utils.py3.values(d)

Return a list of the dictionary's values.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to extract values from.

返回:

A list containing the dictionary's values.

backtrader.utils.py3.items(d)

Return a list of the dictionary's items.

参数:

d -- Dictionary to extract items from.

返回:

A list of (key, value) tuples.

backtrader.utils.py3.with_metaclass(meta, *bases)

Create a base class with a metaclass.

This function provides a compatibility layer for creating classes with metaclasses in a way that works across Python versions. Originally designed for Python 2/3 compatibility, now simplified for Python 3 only.

参数:

• meta -- The metaclass to use for the created class.

• *bases -- Base classes to inherit from.

返回:

A temporary base class that, when inherited from, creates a class with the specified metaclass and base classes.

备注

Modern Python 3 code can use metaclass directly in class definition: class MyClass(metaclass=Meta):. This function is kept for backward compatibility with existing code.